Nama : Winda Trie Ananda
NPM : 18210532
Kelas : 2 EA 18
1. PENDAHULUAN
KOPERASI adalah badan usaha yang mengorganisir pemanfaatan dan pendayagunaan sumber daya ekonomi para anggotanya atas dasar prinsip-prinsip Koperasi dan kaidah usaha ekonomi untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat daerah kerja pada umumnya, dengan demikian koperasi meupakan gerakan ekonomi rakyat dan sokoguru perekonomian nasional .
Prinsip ekonomi/koperasi merupakan landasan pokok koperasi dalam menjalankan usahanya sebagai badan usaha dan gerakan ekonomi rakyat .
Prinsip-prinsip tersebut terdiri dari : kemandirian,keanggotaan,bersifat terbuka pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis pembagian sisa hasil usaha dilakukan secara adil sebandingnya dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing-masing anggota , pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal , pendidikan perkoperasian dan kerja sama antar koperasi.
Bagaimana koperasi sendiri ? apakah sudah siap dengan kenyataan sejarah seperti itu? Apakah koperasi memang telah melakukan “strategic positioning” sebagai wadah anggotanya”bekerjasama” untuk kesejahteraan bersama anggota serta masyarakat,bukannya bekerja”bersama-sama” untuk kepentingan masing-masing anggota,atau malah manajer atau pengurus koperasi? Apakah koperasi juga telah sesuai impian the founding fathers menjadi sokoguru perekonomian Indonesia.
Banyak sudah program-program prestisius pengembangan koperasi.Koperasi tak kunjung selesai di bicarakan.Pendekatan yang di mulai dari akademis,pemberdayaan,regulative,kebijakan public , dan lain-lainnya .
1.1 KONSEP KOPERASI
Menurut Bapak koperasi Indonesia koperasi adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong.Semangat tolong-menolong tersebut didorong oleh keinginan memberi jasa kepada kawan berdasarkan “seorang buat semua dan semua buat orang”
A.Konsep Koperasi Barat
Koperasi merupakan organisasi swasta dan di bentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai kesamaan kepentingan dengan maksud mengurusi kepentingan maupun perusahaan koperasi. Persamaan kepentingan tersebut bias berasal dari perorangan maupun kelompok. Kepentingan bersama suatu kelompok keluarga atau kelompok kerabat dapat diarahkan untuk membentuk atau masuk menjadi anggota koperasi.
B.Konsep Koperasi Sosialis
Konsep koperasi sosialis menyatakan bahwa koperasi direncanakan dan di kendalikan oleh pemerintah, dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasinalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan nasional.Sebagai alat pelaksana dari perencanaan yang di tetapkan secara sentral, maka koperasi merupakan bagian dari suatu tata administrasi yang mneyeluruh,fungsinya sebagai badan yang turut menentukan kebijakan public, serta merupakan badan pengawasan dan pendidikan.
C. Konsep Koperasi Negara Berkembang
Adanya campur tangan pemerintah Indonesia dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi di Indonesia membuatnya mirip dengan konsep sosialis. Perbedaannya adalah tujuan koperasi dalam konsep sosialis adalah untuk merasinalkan factor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi ke kepemilikan kolektif,sedangkan koperasi di Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia,tujuannya adalah meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi anggotanya .
1.2 LATAR BELAKANG TIMBULNYA ALIRAN KOPERASI
Perbedaan ideology suatu bangsa akan mengakibatkan perbedaan system
perekonomiannya dan tentunya aliran koperasi yang dianutpun akan berbeda. Sebaliknya, setiap system perekonomian suatu bangsa juga akan menjiwai ideology bangsanya dan aliran koperasinya pun akan menjiwai system perekonomian dan ideology bangsa tersebut.
A. Keterkaitan Ideologi Sistem Perekonomian & Aliran Koperasi
Ideologi system perekonomian & aliran koperasi tentunya berbeda, satu dintaranya memiliki pengertiannya masing-masing tetapi saling memeiliki keterkaitan.
1.3 SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KOPERASI
PERIODE SEBELUM KEMERDEKAAN
Koperasi adalah institusi (lembaga) yang tumbuh atas dasar solidaritas tradisional dan kerjasama antar individu, yang pernah berkembang sejak awal sejarah manusia sampai pada awal Revolusi Industrial di Eropa pada akhir abad 18 dan selama abad 19, sering disebut sebagai Koperasi Historis atau Koperasi Pra-Industri. Koperasi Modern didirikan pada akhir abad 18 , terutama sebagai jawaban atas masalah-masalah sosial yang timbul selama tahap awal Revolusi Industri.
Pada tahun 1908, Budi Utomo yang didirikan oleh Dr. Sutomo memberikan peranan bagi gerakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki kehidupan rakyat. Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve.
Pada tahun 1927 dibentuk Serikat Dagang Islam, yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi pengusah-pengusaha pribumi. Kemudian pada tahun 1929, berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memperjuangkan penyebarluasan semangat koperasi. Hingga saat ini kepedulian pemerintah terhadap keberadaan koperasi Nampak jelas dengan membentuk lembaga yang secara khusus menangani pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi.
A. Sejarah Lahirnya Koperasi
Koperasi modern yang berkembang dewasa ini lahir pertama kali di Inggris , yaitu di Kota Rochdale pada tahun 1844. Koperasi timbul pada masa perkembangan kapitalisme sebagai akibat revolusi industry. Pada awalnya , koperasi Rochdale berevolusi dengan usia penyedia barang-barang konsumsi untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Akan tetapi seiring dengan terjadinya pemupukkan modal koperasi. Koperasi mulai merintis untuk memproduksi sendiri barang yang akan di jual. Kegiatan ini menimbulkan kesempatan kerja bagi anggota yang belum bekerja dan menambah pendapatan bagi mereka yang sudah bekerja .
B. Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi di Indonesia
Sejak lama bangsa Indonesia telah mengenal kekeluargaan dan kegotongroyongan yang dipraktekkan oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Kebiasaan yang bersifat nonprofit ini, merupakan input untuk Pasal 33 ayat 1 UUD 1945 yang dijadikan dasar/pedoman pelaksanaan Koperasi. Kebiasaan-kebiasaan nenek moyang yang turun-temurun itu dapat dijumpai di berbagai daerah di Indonesia di antaranya adalah Arisan untuk daerah Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, paketan, mitra cai dan ruing mungpulung daerah Jawa Barat, Mapalus di daerah Sulawesi Utara, kerja sama pengairan yang terkenal dengan Suba k untuk daerah Bali, dan Julo-julo untuk daerah Sumatra Barat merupakan sifat-sifat hubungan sosial, nonprofit dan menunjukkan usaha atau kegiatan atas dasar kadar kesadaran berpribadi dan kekeluargaan. Bentuk-bentuk ini yang lebih bersifat kekeluargaan, kegotongroyongan, hubungan social, nonprofit dan kerjasama disebut Pra Koperasi. Pelaksanaan yang bersifat pra-koperasi terutama di pedesaan masih dijumpai, meskipun arus globlisasi terus merambat ke pedesaan.
2. PENGERTIAN DAN PRINSIP KOPERASI
Prinsip koperasi ini merupakan esensi dari dasar kerja koperasi sebagai badan usaha dan merupakan cirri khas serta jati diri koperasi.Dalam penjelasan dari Pasal (5) UU. 25 Tahun 1992 tersebut, di uraikan bahwa prinsip koperasi adalah merupakan satu kesatuan dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan berkoperasi,Dengan melaksanakan keseluruhan prinsip tersebut. Koperasi mewujudkan dirinya sebagai badan usaha sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial.
2.1 PENGERTIAN KOPERASI
Secara harfiah Kpoerasi yang berasal dari bahasa Inggris Coperation terdiri dari dua suku kata. Yaitu :
- Co yang berarti bersama
- Operation = bekerja
Jadi, koperasi berarti bekerja sama, sehingga setiap bentuk kerja sama dapat disebut koperasi.Bagi masyarakat Indonesia,koperasi sudah tidak asing lagi, karena kita sudah merasakan jasa koperasi dalam rangka keluar dari kesulita hutang lintah darat.
A. Definisi ILO
Definisi koperasi yang lebih detil dan berdampak internasional diberikan oleh ILO (International Labour Organization) sebagai berikut :
- Cooperative defined as an assotiation of persons usually of limited means, who have voluntarily joined together to archive a common economic end through the formation of a democratically controlled business organitation, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of risk and benefits of the undertaking.
B. Definisi Chaniago
Koperasi sebagai suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum, yang memberikan kebebasan kepadaanggota untuk masuk dan keluar, dengan bekerja sama secara kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi kesejahteraan jasmaniah para anggotanya.
C. Definisi Dooren
Tidak ada definisi tunggal (untuk coopertive) yang umumnya diterima, tetapi prinsip yang umum adalah bahwa serikat koperasi adalah sebuah asosiasi anggota, baik pribadi atau perusahaan, yang telah secara sukarela datang bersama-sama dalam mengejar tujuan ekonomi umum.
D. Definisi Hatta
koperasi adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong. semangat tolong menolong tersebut di dorong oleh keinginan memberi jasa kepada kawan berdasarkan seorang buat semua dan semua buat orang.
E. Definisi Munkner
koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong menolong yang menjalankan "urusniaga" secara kumpulan yang berasaskan konsep tolong menolong. aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata-mata bertujuan ekonomi, nukan sosial seperti dikandung gotong royong.
F. Definisi UU No 25
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menyejahterakan anggotanya.
2.2 TUJUAN KOPERASI
Tujuan utama Koperasi Indonesia adalah mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota, pada khususnya, dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Koperasi Indonesia adalah perkumpulan orang-orang, bukan perkumpulan modal sehingga laba bukan merupakan ukuran utama kesejahteraan anggota. Manfaat yang diterima anggota lebih diutamakan daripada laba. Meskipun demikian harus diusahakan agar koperasi tidak menderita rugi. Tujuan ini dicapai dengan karya dan jasa yang disumbangkan pada masing-masing anggota.
2.2 PRINSIP KOPERASI
Ide yang mempelajari lahirnya prinsip-prinsip koperasi antara lain adalah solidaritas, demokrasi, kemerdekaan, sikap memperhatikan kepentingan orang lain selain kepentingan diri sendiri, keadilan, keadaan perekonomia negara dan peningkatan kesejahteraan bersama .
Prinsip koperasi itu sendiri merupakan garis-garis penuntun atau pemandu yang di gunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai koperasi dalam praktik kerjanya.
A. Prinsip Munkner
• Keanggotaan terbuka
• Pengembangan anggota
• Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan
• Manajemen dan pengawasan dilaksanakan scr demokratis
• Koperasi sbg kumpulan orang-orang
• Modal yang berkaitan dg aspek sosial tidak dibagi
• Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi
• Perkumpulan dengan sukarela
• Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan
• Pendistribusian yang adil dan merata akan hasil-hasil ekonomi
• Pendidikan anggota
B. Prinsip Rochdale
• Keanggotaan yang terbuka
• Bunga atas modal dibatasi
• Pembagian sisa hasil usaha kepada anggota sebanding dengan jasa masing-masing
anggota
• Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai
• Barang-barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak yang dipalsukan
• Menyelenggarakan pendidikan kepada anggota dengan prinsip-prinsip anggota
C. Prinsip Reiffisien
• Swadaya
• Daerah kerja terbatas
• SHU untuk cadangan
• Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
• Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
• Usaha hanya kepada anggota
• Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
D. Prinsip Shulz
• Swadaya
• Daerah tak terbatas
• SHU untuk cadangan dan untuk di bagikan kepada anggota
• Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
• Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
E. Prinsip ICA
• Keanggotaan koperasi secara terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat-buat
• Kepemimpinan yang demokratis atas dasar satu orang satu suara
• Modal menerima bunga yang terbatas (bila ada)
• SHU dibagi 3 : cadangan, masyarakat, ke anggota sesuai dengan jasa masing-masing
• Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan pendidikan secara terus menerus
F. Prinsip` Koperasi di Indonesia
• Pendidikan perkoperasian
• Kerjasama antar koperasi
• Kemandirian
• Pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal
• Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka
Rabu, 28 September 2011
Selasa, 27 September 2011
Nama : Winda Trie Ananda
NPM : 18210532
Kelas : 2 EA 18
1. PENDAHULUAN
KOPERASI adalah badan usaha yang mengorganisir pemanfaatan dan pendayagunaan sumber daya ekonomi para anggotanya atas dasar prinsip-prinsip Koperasi dan kaidah usaha ekonomi untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat daerah kerja pada umumnya, dengan demikian koperasi meupakan gerakan ekonomi rakyat dan sokoguru perekonomian nasional .
Prinsip ekonomi/koperasi merupakan landasan pokok koperasi dalam menjalankan usahanya sebagai badan usaha dan gerakan ekonomi rakyat .
Prinsip-prinsip tersebut terdiri dari : kemandirian,keanggotaan,bersifat terbuka pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis pembagian sisa hasil usaha dilakukan secara adil sebandingnya dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing-masing anggota , pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal , pendidikan perkoperasian dan kerja sama antar koperasi.
Bagaimana koperasi sendiri ? apakah sudah siap dengan kenyataan sejarah seperti itu? Apakah koperasi memang telah melakukan “strategic positioning” sebagai wadah anggotanya”bekerjasama” untuk kesejahteraan bersama anggota serta masyarakat,bukannya bekerja”bersama-sama” untuk kepentingan masing-masing anggota,atau malah manajer atau pengurus koperasi? Apakah koperasi juga telah sesuai impian the founding fathers menjadi sokoguru perekonomian Indonesia.
Banyak sudah program-program prestisius pengembangan koperasi.Koperasi tak kunjung selesai di bicarakan.Pendekatan yang di mulai dari akademis,pemberdayaan,regulative,kebijakan public , dan lain-lainnya .
1.1 KONSEP KOPERASI
Menurut Bapak koperasi Indonesia koperasi adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong.Semangat tolong-menolong tersebut didorong oleh keinginan memberi jasa kepada kawan berdasarkan “seorang buat semua dan semua buat orang”
A.Konsep Koperasi Barat
Koperasi merupakan organisasi swasta dan di bentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai kesamaan kepentingan dengan maksud mengurusi kepentingan maupun perusahaan koperasi. Persamaan kepentingan tersebut bias berasal dari perorangan maupun kelompok. Kepentingan bersama suatu kelompok keluarga atau kelompok kerabat dapat diarahkan untuk membentuk atau masuk menjadi anggota koperasi.
B.Konsep Koperasi Sosialis
Konsep koperasi sosialis menyatakan bahwa koperasi direncanakan dan di kendalikan oleh pemerintah, dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasinalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan nasional.Sebagai alat pelaksana dari perencanaan yang di tetapkan secara sentral, maka koperasi merupakan bagian dari suatu tata administrasi yang mneyeluruh,fungsinya sebagai badan yang turut menentukan kebijakan public, serta merupakan badan pengawasan dan pendidikan.
C. Konsep Koperasi Negara Berkembang
Adanya campur tangan pemerintah Indonesia dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi di Indonesia membuatnya mirip dengan konsep sosialis. Perbedaannya adalah tujuan koperasi dalam konsep sosialis adalah untuk merasinalkan factor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi ke kepemilikan kolektif,sedangkan koperasi di Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia,tujuannya adalah meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi anggotanya .
1.2 LATAR BELAKANG TIMBULNYA ALIRAN KOPERASI
Perbedaan ideology suatu bangsa akan mengakibatkan perbedaan system
perekonomiannya dan tentunya aliran koperasi yang dianutpun akan berbeda. Sebaliknya, setiap system perekonomian suatu bangsa juga akan menjiwai ideology bangsanya dan aliran koperasinya pun akan menjiwai system perekonomian dan ideology bangsa tersebut.
A. Keterkaitan Ideologi Sistem Perekonomian & Aliran Koperasi
Ideologi system perekonomian & aliran koperasi tentunya berbeda, satu dintaranya memiliki pengertiannya masing-masing tetapi saling memeiliki keterkaitan.
1.3 SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KOPERASI
PERIODE SEBELUM KEMERDEKAAN
Koperasi adalah institusi (lembaga) yang tumbuh atas dasar solidaritas tradisional dan kerjasama antar individu, yang pernah berkembang sejak awal sejarah manusia sampai pada awal Revolusi Industrial di Eropa pada akhir abad 18 dan selama abad 19, sering disebut sebagai Koperasi Historis atau Koperasi Pra-Industri. Koperasi Modern didirikan pada akhir abad 18 , terutama sebagai jawaban atas masalah-masalah sosial yang timbul selama tahap awal Revolusi Industri.
Pada tahun 1908, Budi Utomo yang didirikan oleh Dr. Sutomo memberikan peranan bagi gerakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki kehidupan rakyat. Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve.
Pada tahun 1927 dibentuk Serikat Dagang Islam, yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi pengusah-pengusaha pribumi. Kemudian pada tahun 1929, berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memperjuangkan penyebarluasan semangat koperasi. Hingga saat ini kepedulian pemerintah terhadap keberadaan koperasi Nampak jelas dengan membentuk lembaga yang secara khusus menangani pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi.
A. Sejarah Lahirnya Koperasi
Koperasi modern yang berkembang dewasa ini lahir pertama kali di Inggris , yaitu di Kota Rochdale pada tahun 1844. Koperasi timbul pada masa perkembangan kapitalisme sebagai akibat revolusi industry. Pada awalnya , koperasi Rochdale berevolusi dengan usia penyedia barang-barang konsumsi untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Akan tetapi seiring dengan terjadinya pemupukkan modal koperasi. Koperasi mulai merintis untuk memproduksi sendiri barang yang akan di jual. Kegiatan ini menimbulkan kesempatan kerja bagi anggota yang belum bekerja dan menambah pendapatan bagi mereka yang sudah bekerja .
B. Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi di Indonesia
Sejak lama bangsa Indonesia telah mengenal kekeluargaan dan kegotongroyongan yang dipraktekkan oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Kebiasaan yang bersifat nonprofit ini, merupakan input untuk Pasal 33 ayat 1 UUD 1945 yang dijadikan dasar/pedoman pelaksanaan Koperasi. Kebiasaan-kebiasaan nenek moyang yang turun-temurun itu dapat dijumpai di berbagai daerah di Indonesia di antaranya adalah Arisan untuk daerah Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, paketan, mitra cai dan ruing mungpulung daerah Jawa Barat, Mapalus di daerah Sulawesi Utara, kerja sama pengairan yang terkenal dengan Suba k untuk daerah Bali, dan Julo-julo untuk daerah Sumatra Barat merupakan sifat-sifat hubungan sosial, nonprofit dan menunjukkan usaha atau kegiatan atas dasar kadar kesadaran berpribadi dan kekeluargaan. Bentuk-bentuk ini yang lebih bersifat kekeluargaan, kegotongroyongan, hubungan social, nonprofit dan kerjasama disebut Pra Koperasi. Pelaksanaan yang bersifat pra-koperasi terutama di pedesaan masih dijumpai, meskipun arus globlisasi terus merambat ke pedesaan.
2. PENGERTIAN DAN PRINSIP KOPERASI
Prinsip koperasi ini merupakan esensi dari dasar kerja koperasi sebagai badan usaha dan merupakan cirri khas serta jati diri koperasi.Dalam penjelasan dari Pasal (5) UU. 25 Tahun 1992 tersebut, di uraikan bahwa prinsip koperasi adalah merupakan satu kesatuan dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan berkoperasi,Dengan melaksanakan keseluruhan prinsip tersebut. Koperasi mewujudkan dirinya sebagai badan usaha sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial.
2.1 PENGERTIAN KOPERASI
Secara harfiah Kpoerasi yang berasal dari bahasa Inggris Coperation terdiri dari dua suku kata. Yaitu :
- Co yang berarti bersama
- Operation = bekerja
Jadi, koperasi berarti bekerja sama, sehingga setiap bentuk kerja sama dapat disebut koperasi.Bagi masyarakat Indonesia,koperasi sudah tidak asing lagi, karena kita sudah merasakan jasa koperasi dalam rangka keluar dari kesulita hutang lintah darat.
A. Definisi ILO
Definisi koperasi yang lebih detil dan berdampak internasional diberikan oleh ILO (International Labour Organization) sebagai berikut :
- Cooperative defined as an assotiation of persons usually of limited means, who have voluntarily joined together to archive a common economic end through the formation of a democratically controlled business organitation, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of risk and benefits of the undertaking.
B. Definisi Chaniago
Koperasi sebagai suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum, yang memberikan kebebasan kepadaanggota untuk masuk dan keluar, dengan bekerja sama secara kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi kesejahteraan jasmaniah para anggotanya.
C. Definisi Dooren
Tidak ada definisi tunggal (untuk coopertive) yang umumnya diterima, tetapi prinsip yang umum adalah bahwa serikat koperasi adalah sebuah asosiasi anggota, baik pribadi atau perusahaan, yang telah secara sukarela datang bersama-sama dalam mengejar tujuan ekonomi umum.
D. Definisi Hatta
koperasi adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong. semangat tolong menolong tersebut di dorong oleh keinginan memberi jasa kepada kawan berdasarkan seorang buat semua dan semua buat orang.
E. Definisi Munkner
koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong menolong yang menjalankan "urusniaga" secara kumpulan yang berasaskan konsep tolong menolong. aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata-mata bertujuan ekonomi, nukan sosial seperti dikandung gotong royong.
F. Definisi UU No 25
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menyejahterakan anggotanya.
2.2 TUJUAN KOPERASI
Tujuan utama Koperasi Indonesia adalah mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota, pada khususnya, dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Koperasi Indonesia adalah perkumpulan orang-orang, bukan perkumpulan modal sehingga laba bukan merupakan ukuran utama kesejahteraan anggota. Manfaat yang diterima anggota lebih diutamakan daripada laba. Meskipun demikian harus diusahakan agar koperasi tidak menderita rugi. Tujuan ini dicapai dengan karya dan jasa yang disumbangkan pada masing-masing anggota.
2.2 PRINSIP KOPERASI
Ide yang mempelajari lahirnya prinsip-prinsip koperasi antara lain adalah solidaritas, demokrasi, kemerdekaan, sikap memperhatikan kepentingan orang lain selain kepentingan diri sendiri, keadilan, keadaan perekonomia negara dan peningkatan kesejahteraan bersama .
Prinsip koperasi itu sendiri merupakan garis-garis penuntun atau pemandu yang di gunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai koperasi dalam praktik kerjanya.
A. Prinsip Munkner
• Keanggotaan terbuka
• Pengembangan anggota
• Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan
• Manajemen dan pengawasan dilaksanakan scr demokratis
• Koperasi sbg kumpulan orang-orang
• Modal yang berkaitan dg aspek sosial tidak dibagi
• Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi
• Perkumpulan dengan sukarela
• Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan
• Pendistribusian yang adil dan merata akan hasil-hasil ekonomi
• Pendidikan anggota
B. Prinsip Rochdale
• Keanggotaan yang terbuka
• Bunga atas modal dibatasi
• Pembagian sisa hasil usaha kepada anggota sebanding dengan jasa masing-masing
anggota
• Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai
• Barang-barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak yang dipalsukan
• Menyelenggarakan pendidikan kepada anggota dengan prinsip-prinsip anggota
C. Prinsip Reiffisien
• Swadaya
• Daerah kerja terbatas
• SHU untuk cadangan
• Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
• Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
• Usaha hanya kepada anggota
• Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
D. Prinsip Shulz
• Swadaya
• Daerah tak terbatas
• SHU untuk cadangan dan untuk di bagikan kepada anggota
• Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
• Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
E. Prinsip ICA
• Keanggotaan koperasi secara terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat-buat
• Kepemimpinan yang demokratis atas dasar satu orang satu suara
• Modal menerima bunga yang terbatas (bila ada)
• SHU dibagi 3 : cadangan, masyarakat, ke anggota sesuai dengan jasa masing-masing
• Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan pendidikan secara terus menerus
F. Prinsip` Koperasi di Indonesia
• Pendidikan perkoperasian
• Kerjasama antar koperasi
• Kemandirian
• Pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal
• Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka
NPM : 18210532
Kelas : 2 EA 18
1. PENDAHULUAN
KOPERASI adalah badan usaha yang mengorganisir pemanfaatan dan pendayagunaan sumber daya ekonomi para anggotanya atas dasar prinsip-prinsip Koperasi dan kaidah usaha ekonomi untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat daerah kerja pada umumnya, dengan demikian koperasi meupakan gerakan ekonomi rakyat dan sokoguru perekonomian nasional .
Prinsip ekonomi/koperasi merupakan landasan pokok koperasi dalam menjalankan usahanya sebagai badan usaha dan gerakan ekonomi rakyat .
Prinsip-prinsip tersebut terdiri dari : kemandirian,keanggotaan,bersifat terbuka pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis pembagian sisa hasil usaha dilakukan secara adil sebandingnya dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing-masing anggota , pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal , pendidikan perkoperasian dan kerja sama antar koperasi.
Bagaimana koperasi sendiri ? apakah sudah siap dengan kenyataan sejarah seperti itu? Apakah koperasi memang telah melakukan “strategic positioning” sebagai wadah anggotanya”bekerjasama” untuk kesejahteraan bersama anggota serta masyarakat,bukannya bekerja”bersama-sama” untuk kepentingan masing-masing anggota,atau malah manajer atau pengurus koperasi? Apakah koperasi juga telah sesuai impian the founding fathers menjadi sokoguru perekonomian Indonesia.
Banyak sudah program-program prestisius pengembangan koperasi.Koperasi tak kunjung selesai di bicarakan.Pendekatan yang di mulai dari akademis,pemberdayaan,regulative,kebijakan public , dan lain-lainnya .
1.1 KONSEP KOPERASI
Menurut Bapak koperasi Indonesia koperasi adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong.Semangat tolong-menolong tersebut didorong oleh keinginan memberi jasa kepada kawan berdasarkan “seorang buat semua dan semua buat orang”
A.Konsep Koperasi Barat
Koperasi merupakan organisasi swasta dan di bentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai kesamaan kepentingan dengan maksud mengurusi kepentingan maupun perusahaan koperasi. Persamaan kepentingan tersebut bias berasal dari perorangan maupun kelompok. Kepentingan bersama suatu kelompok keluarga atau kelompok kerabat dapat diarahkan untuk membentuk atau masuk menjadi anggota koperasi.
B.Konsep Koperasi Sosialis
Konsep koperasi sosialis menyatakan bahwa koperasi direncanakan dan di kendalikan oleh pemerintah, dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasinalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan nasional.Sebagai alat pelaksana dari perencanaan yang di tetapkan secara sentral, maka koperasi merupakan bagian dari suatu tata administrasi yang mneyeluruh,fungsinya sebagai badan yang turut menentukan kebijakan public, serta merupakan badan pengawasan dan pendidikan.
C. Konsep Koperasi Negara Berkembang
Adanya campur tangan pemerintah Indonesia dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi di Indonesia membuatnya mirip dengan konsep sosialis. Perbedaannya adalah tujuan koperasi dalam konsep sosialis adalah untuk merasinalkan factor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi ke kepemilikan kolektif,sedangkan koperasi di Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia,tujuannya adalah meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi anggotanya .
1.2 LATAR BELAKANG TIMBULNYA ALIRAN KOPERASI
Perbedaan ideology suatu bangsa akan mengakibatkan perbedaan system
perekonomiannya dan tentunya aliran koperasi yang dianutpun akan berbeda. Sebaliknya, setiap system perekonomian suatu bangsa juga akan menjiwai ideology bangsanya dan aliran koperasinya pun akan menjiwai system perekonomian dan ideology bangsa tersebut.
A. Keterkaitan Ideologi Sistem Perekonomian & Aliran Koperasi
Ideologi system perekonomian & aliran koperasi tentunya berbeda, satu dintaranya memiliki pengertiannya masing-masing tetapi saling memeiliki keterkaitan.
1.3 SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KOPERASI
PERIODE SEBELUM KEMERDEKAAN
Koperasi adalah institusi (lembaga) yang tumbuh atas dasar solidaritas tradisional dan kerjasama antar individu, yang pernah berkembang sejak awal sejarah manusia sampai pada awal Revolusi Industrial di Eropa pada akhir abad 18 dan selama abad 19, sering disebut sebagai Koperasi Historis atau Koperasi Pra-Industri. Koperasi Modern didirikan pada akhir abad 18 , terutama sebagai jawaban atas masalah-masalah sosial yang timbul selama tahap awal Revolusi Industri.
Pada tahun 1908, Budi Utomo yang didirikan oleh Dr. Sutomo memberikan peranan bagi gerakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki kehidupan rakyat. Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve.
Pada tahun 1927 dibentuk Serikat Dagang Islam, yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi pengusah-pengusaha pribumi. Kemudian pada tahun 1929, berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memperjuangkan penyebarluasan semangat koperasi. Hingga saat ini kepedulian pemerintah terhadap keberadaan koperasi Nampak jelas dengan membentuk lembaga yang secara khusus menangani pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi.
A. Sejarah Lahirnya Koperasi
Koperasi modern yang berkembang dewasa ini lahir pertama kali di Inggris , yaitu di Kota Rochdale pada tahun 1844. Koperasi timbul pada masa perkembangan kapitalisme sebagai akibat revolusi industry. Pada awalnya , koperasi Rochdale berevolusi dengan usia penyedia barang-barang konsumsi untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Akan tetapi seiring dengan terjadinya pemupukkan modal koperasi. Koperasi mulai merintis untuk memproduksi sendiri barang yang akan di jual. Kegiatan ini menimbulkan kesempatan kerja bagi anggota yang belum bekerja dan menambah pendapatan bagi mereka yang sudah bekerja .
B. Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi di Indonesia
Sejak lama bangsa Indonesia telah mengenal kekeluargaan dan kegotongroyongan yang dipraktekkan oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Kebiasaan yang bersifat nonprofit ini, merupakan input untuk Pasal 33 ayat 1 UUD 1945 yang dijadikan dasar/pedoman pelaksanaan Koperasi. Kebiasaan-kebiasaan nenek moyang yang turun-temurun itu dapat dijumpai di berbagai daerah di Indonesia di antaranya adalah Arisan untuk daerah Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, paketan, mitra cai dan ruing mungpulung daerah Jawa Barat, Mapalus di daerah Sulawesi Utara, kerja sama pengairan yang terkenal dengan Suba k untuk daerah Bali, dan Julo-julo untuk daerah Sumatra Barat merupakan sifat-sifat hubungan sosial, nonprofit dan menunjukkan usaha atau kegiatan atas dasar kadar kesadaran berpribadi dan kekeluargaan. Bentuk-bentuk ini yang lebih bersifat kekeluargaan, kegotongroyongan, hubungan social, nonprofit dan kerjasama disebut Pra Koperasi. Pelaksanaan yang bersifat pra-koperasi terutama di pedesaan masih dijumpai, meskipun arus globlisasi terus merambat ke pedesaan.
2. PENGERTIAN DAN PRINSIP KOPERASI
Prinsip koperasi ini merupakan esensi dari dasar kerja koperasi sebagai badan usaha dan merupakan cirri khas serta jati diri koperasi.Dalam penjelasan dari Pasal (5) UU. 25 Tahun 1992 tersebut, di uraikan bahwa prinsip koperasi adalah merupakan satu kesatuan dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan berkoperasi,Dengan melaksanakan keseluruhan prinsip tersebut. Koperasi mewujudkan dirinya sebagai badan usaha sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial.
2.1 PENGERTIAN KOPERASI
Secara harfiah Kpoerasi yang berasal dari bahasa Inggris Coperation terdiri dari dua suku kata. Yaitu :
- Co yang berarti bersama
- Operation = bekerja
Jadi, koperasi berarti bekerja sama, sehingga setiap bentuk kerja sama dapat disebut koperasi.Bagi masyarakat Indonesia,koperasi sudah tidak asing lagi, karena kita sudah merasakan jasa koperasi dalam rangka keluar dari kesulita hutang lintah darat.
A. Definisi ILO
Definisi koperasi yang lebih detil dan berdampak internasional diberikan oleh ILO (International Labour Organization) sebagai berikut :
- Cooperative defined as an assotiation of persons usually of limited means, who have voluntarily joined together to archive a common economic end through the formation of a democratically controlled business organitation, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of risk and benefits of the undertaking.
B. Definisi Chaniago
Koperasi sebagai suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum, yang memberikan kebebasan kepadaanggota untuk masuk dan keluar, dengan bekerja sama secara kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi kesejahteraan jasmaniah para anggotanya.
C. Definisi Dooren
Tidak ada definisi tunggal (untuk coopertive) yang umumnya diterima, tetapi prinsip yang umum adalah bahwa serikat koperasi adalah sebuah asosiasi anggota, baik pribadi atau perusahaan, yang telah secara sukarela datang bersama-sama dalam mengejar tujuan ekonomi umum.
D. Definisi Hatta
koperasi adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong. semangat tolong menolong tersebut di dorong oleh keinginan memberi jasa kepada kawan berdasarkan seorang buat semua dan semua buat orang.
E. Definisi Munkner
koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong menolong yang menjalankan "urusniaga" secara kumpulan yang berasaskan konsep tolong menolong. aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata-mata bertujuan ekonomi, nukan sosial seperti dikandung gotong royong.
F. Definisi UU No 25
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menyejahterakan anggotanya.
2.2 TUJUAN KOPERASI
Tujuan utama Koperasi Indonesia adalah mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota, pada khususnya, dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Koperasi Indonesia adalah perkumpulan orang-orang, bukan perkumpulan modal sehingga laba bukan merupakan ukuran utama kesejahteraan anggota. Manfaat yang diterima anggota lebih diutamakan daripada laba. Meskipun demikian harus diusahakan agar koperasi tidak menderita rugi. Tujuan ini dicapai dengan karya dan jasa yang disumbangkan pada masing-masing anggota.
2.2 PRINSIP KOPERASI
Ide yang mempelajari lahirnya prinsip-prinsip koperasi antara lain adalah solidaritas, demokrasi, kemerdekaan, sikap memperhatikan kepentingan orang lain selain kepentingan diri sendiri, keadilan, keadaan perekonomia negara dan peningkatan kesejahteraan bersama .
Prinsip koperasi itu sendiri merupakan garis-garis penuntun atau pemandu yang di gunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai koperasi dalam praktik kerjanya.
A. Prinsip Munkner
• Keanggotaan terbuka
• Pengembangan anggota
• Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan
• Manajemen dan pengawasan dilaksanakan scr demokratis
• Koperasi sbg kumpulan orang-orang
• Modal yang berkaitan dg aspek sosial tidak dibagi
• Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi
• Perkumpulan dengan sukarela
• Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan
• Pendistribusian yang adil dan merata akan hasil-hasil ekonomi
• Pendidikan anggota
B. Prinsip Rochdale
• Keanggotaan yang terbuka
• Bunga atas modal dibatasi
• Pembagian sisa hasil usaha kepada anggota sebanding dengan jasa masing-masing
anggota
• Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai
• Barang-barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak yang dipalsukan
• Menyelenggarakan pendidikan kepada anggota dengan prinsip-prinsip anggota
C. Prinsip Reiffisien
• Swadaya
• Daerah kerja terbatas
• SHU untuk cadangan
• Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
• Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
• Usaha hanya kepada anggota
• Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
D. Prinsip Shulz
• Swadaya
• Daerah tak terbatas
• SHU untuk cadangan dan untuk di bagikan kepada anggota
• Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
• Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
E. Prinsip ICA
• Keanggotaan koperasi secara terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat-buat
• Kepemimpinan yang demokratis atas dasar satu orang satu suara
• Modal menerima bunga yang terbatas (bila ada)
• SHU dibagi 3 : cadangan, masyarakat, ke anggota sesuai dengan jasa masing-masing
• Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan pendidikan secara terus menerus
F. Prinsip` Koperasi di Indonesia
• Pendidikan perkoperasian
• Kerjasama antar koperasi
• Kemandirian
• Pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal
• Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka
Selasa, 03 Mei 2011
causative verb "HAVE"
CAUSATIVE VERB “HAVE”
CAUSATIVE VERB “HAVE”
Causative “have” is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. (causative “have” diikuti oleh verb 1 (tanpa tambahan s/-es), bukan diikuti oleh infinitif (to+verb1)).
Examples:
- I had John repair my bike. (CORRECT)
- I had John to repair my bike. (INCORRECT,because it is followed by an infinitive)
Kalimat ke 2 salah karena diikuti oleh infinitif (to+verb1)
► “Have” gives the idea that “X” request “Y” to do something. ( “Have” menunjukkan bahwa “X” meminta “Y” untuk melakukan sesuatu.)
The formula is: “X” has/have/had “Y” do something (simple form) (rumusnya adalah “X” has/have/had “Y” melakukakn sesuatu (verb dalam bentuk sederhana(verb1 tanpa tambahan s/-es)).
Examples: - Mary has John carry her bag.
Means(artinya): John carried the bag because Mary ask him to. ( John membawa tas karena Mary menyuruhnya).
-I have Jane put my books
Means: Jane put my books because I ask her to.
- Tom had Jane clean the room yesterday
Using “had” because the adverb of time is yesterday. But still the verb is in simple form.
HAVE SOME THING DONE
(HAVE +Past Participle (Verb3)
The past participle(verb 3) is used after “have’ to give a passive meaning.
Examples: - I had my watch repaired (by someone) yesterday.
Means: I caused my watch to be repaired by someone. (saya menyuruh orang lain untuk memperbaiki jam tangan saya kemarin).
-I have my hair cut means: I asked someone to cut my hair. (saya menyuruh seseorang untuk mencukur rambut saya)
- I am having my car washed at the moment means: I am asking someone to wash my car at the moment. (pada saat ini saya SEDANG menyuruh seseorang mencuci mobil saya.)
You have to know the different between Have something done and present Perfect/ past perfect form.
HAVE SOMETHING DONE: I have my hair cut means: I ask someone to cut my hair.
PRESENT PERFECT(S+HAVE/HAS+V3): I have cut my hair means: you cut your own hair.
PATTERNS for HAVE SOMETHING DONE:
• S + HAVE/HAS + OBJECT + VERB 3
• S + HAD + OBJECT +VERB3 +PAST TIME
• S + TOBE (IS/AM/ARE) + HAVING +OBJECT + VERB3 + NOW/RIGHT NOW/ AT THE MOMENT.
CONCLUSION:
- Use active sentence for causative “have” (using simple form of a verb) and passive sentence for have something done (using verb 3).
- For causative “have” after subject you have to use the right form of “have” whether it is “have or has or had” then the object is people (someone), after that,you have to use a simple form of a verb (verb 1 without s/-es) in any kind of adverb of time (present time or past time still use simple form of a verb), you just choose the right form of “have” “have or has” for present time, “had “ for past time.
- For have something done just follow the pattern.
EXERCISES:
Fill in the blanks with the right form of causative have, and choose the right form of verb given in the brakets. (isilah dengan bentuk causative have yang benar, dan pilih salah satu bentuk verb yang benar yang diberikan di dalam kurung)
1. We had our treasury Bought our new books yesterday. (buy / buys / bought / to buy)
2. She has her mom cooked dinner for her. (cook / cooks / cooked / to cook )
3. He had his brother done his homework last night (do / does / did / done)
4. Tom is having Bill written the report at the moment. (write / writes / writing / written)
5. Mike has Jenni saved his data. (save / saving / saves / saved)
6. Bob has his packages delivered by the postman. ( deliver / delivers / delivered / delivery)
7. Eddy had_his data changed by his secretary last week. (change / changes / changed / changing)
8. Marie is having her house painted by the workmen at the moment. ( paint / painting / painted / paints)
9. Jonny has his car parked by the parking man. (park / parks / parking / parked)
10. They are having their maid cleaned their room right now. (clean / cleaned / cleans / cleaning)
THE END OF THE TEST
CAUSATIVE VERB “HAVE”
Causative “have” is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. (causative “have” diikuti oleh verb 1 (tanpa tambahan s/-es), bukan diikuti oleh infinitif (to+verb1)).
Examples:
- I had John repair my bike. (CORRECT)
- I had John to repair my bike. (INCORRECT,because it is followed by an infinitive)
Kalimat ke 2 salah karena diikuti oleh infinitif (to+verb1)
► “Have” gives the idea that “X” request “Y” to do something. ( “Have” menunjukkan bahwa “X” meminta “Y” untuk melakukan sesuatu.)
The formula is: “X” has/have/had “Y” do something (simple form) (rumusnya adalah “X” has/have/had “Y” melakukakn sesuatu (verb dalam bentuk sederhana(verb1 tanpa tambahan s/-es)).
Examples: - Mary has John carry her bag.
Means(artinya): John carried the bag because Mary ask him to. ( John membawa tas karena Mary menyuruhnya).
-I have Jane put my books
Means: Jane put my books because I ask her to.
- Tom had Jane clean the room yesterday
Using “had” because the adverb of time is yesterday. But still the verb is in simple form.
HAVE SOME THING DONE
(HAVE +Past Participle (Verb3)
The past participle(verb 3) is used after “have’ to give a passive meaning.
Examples: - I had my watch repaired (by someone) yesterday.
Means: I caused my watch to be repaired by someone. (saya menyuruh orang lain untuk memperbaiki jam tangan saya kemarin).
-I have my hair cut means: I asked someone to cut my hair. (saya menyuruh seseorang untuk mencukur rambut saya)
- I am having my car washed at the moment means: I am asking someone to wash my car at the moment. (pada saat ini saya SEDANG menyuruh seseorang mencuci mobil saya.)
You have to know the different between Have something done and present Perfect/ past perfect form.
HAVE SOMETHING DONE: I have my hair cut means: I ask someone to cut my hair.
PRESENT PERFECT(S+HAVE/HAS+V3): I have cut my hair means: you cut your own hair.
PATTERNS for HAVE SOMETHING DONE:
• S + HAVE/HAS + OBJECT + VERB 3
• S + HAD + OBJECT +VERB3 +PAST TIME
• S + TOBE (IS/AM/ARE) + HAVING +OBJECT + VERB3 + NOW/RIGHT NOW/ AT THE MOMENT.
CONCLUSION:
- Use active sentence for causative “have” (using simple form of a verb) and passive sentence for have something done (using verb 3).
- For causative “have” after subject you have to use the right form of “have” whether it is “have or has or had” then the object is people (someone), after that,you have to use a simple form of a verb (verb 1 without s/-es) in any kind of adverb of time (present time or past time still use simple form of a verb), you just choose the right form of “have” “have or has” for present time, “had “ for past time.
- For have something done just follow the pattern.
EXERCISES:
Fill in the blanks with the right form of causative have, and choose the right form of verb given in the brakets. (isilah dengan bentuk causative have yang benar, dan pilih salah satu bentuk verb yang benar yang diberikan di dalam kurung)
1. We had our treasury Bought our new books yesterday. (buy / buys / bought / to buy)
2. She has her mom cooked dinner for her. (cook / cooks / cooked / to cook )
3. He had his brother done his homework last night (do / does / did / done)
4. Tom is having Bill written the report at the moment. (write / writes / writing / written)
5. Mike has Jenni saved his data. (save / saving / saves / saved)
6. Bob has his packages delivered by the postman. ( deliver / delivers / delivered / delivery)
7. Eddy had_his data changed by his secretary last week. (change / changes / changed / changing)
8. Marie is having her house painted by the workmen at the moment. ( paint / painting / painted / paints)
9. Jonny has his car parked by the parking man. (park / parks / parking / parked)
10. They are having their maid cleaned their room right now. (clean / cleaned / cleans / cleaning)
THE END OF THE TEST
Kamis, 28 April 2011
Televisi Indonesia A Crime Industry
arious news media presented crime, especially television, is considered able to inspire audiences to acts of criminality.
This is evident from the mutilations are performed Sri Rumiyati (48). Women who familiarly called Yati was admitted imitating the way Very Idam Henyansyah (Ryan) in killing one of his victims. Yati cut the corpse of her husband, Hendra, in order to eliminate traces.
Compass in record R & D, from January to November 2008 saw 13 incidents of mutilation murders in Indonesia. The highest figure for annual periods since the case of mutilation appeared in 1967. In 2007, seven events occurred mutilation (Kompas, 11/10/2008). Does high mutilation cases are due to incessant television show cases that imitated other community members? More horrible again, crime has become a spectacle which presented the television industry?
Not easy to conclude, television news crime presented a direct effect for the audience. There are three perspectives that can be put forward. First, the media is deemed to have full power to dictate the behavior of audiences. In this case, is considered a passive audience that simply responding to stimuli that digelontorkan media. Situation society full of alienation, isolation, depression, high unemployment and a fertile ground for the media in the drive in crime messages.
Second, the media is considered very weak to influence the audience. In this case, the audience can be active to negotiate or reject the messages presented in media crime. Intellectual power, economic level, or age is a determinant factor that can not be ruled out.
Third, the media have a limited impact for the audience. This can happen because the media is seen as one factor, in addition to other factors, such as psychological maturity, social contexts that surround individuals, and the selectivity of an audience of media loading so the media can influence the level of ideas, attitudes, or behaviors.
The phenomenon that should not be taken lightly is the television is too permissive to display crime cases. Scene reconstruction that is routinely displayed television has become a daily spectacle. Industrialization crime becomes increasingly widespread rolling television. Crime packed massively and repeatedly in the family room. The main reason that a pretext is the spectacle of evil cliche very interested audience. Audience's desire to be a justification that should not be denied. Rating, sharing, or commercial calculation resulted in criminality easily consumed.
Market mystification
When the managers of the high stall television crime news is displayed because of consumer demand, then there market mystification. That is, the market is considered as the driving force that can not be denied. In fact, the market is supply and demand mechanism. Market tastes can be created and directed. Market spectacle took place as naturally, when what actually took place in the market likely to be engineered.
Markets encourage crime news journalism simply serve the interests of capital and profits doubling. This fact took place consistent because, as stated by John H. McManus (Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware?, 1994), the market has six characteristics, namely (1) the quality and value is determined consumers rather than producers or the government, (2) responsive to consumers, (3) self-correction because the market is flexible, (4) constant motivation of market participants to compete, (5) relies on efficiency, and (6) the consumer is free to make choices.
However, the value that is often overlooked is the morality market. Television market never menggubris whether crime news shows bad for the audience. The main doctrine of the market is all spectacle sold to consumers. Are consumers into bad behavior because it mimics the scene sadism that aired, the show producers did not care. In fact, manufacturers tend to blame the audience can not be deemed to be critical of crime news. That is what the business called externalities, ie, destruction and social immorality that occur are considered outside the responsibility of the media. Television is never wrong because consumers themselves are considered to know the risks.
Anomie-stricken
Industrialization crime potentially run television and the real is able to create an inspiration for subsequent criminal acts. This is easily triggered when people hit by anomie, ie the situation without norms. In the situation of anomie, community and social order declined, replaced by a sense of alienation and confusion. In situations anomie, there excessive emphasis on life goals, but new ways of reaching that goal can not provided sufficient due to the virtues which are all relative as corruptor honored and respected. One of the key forces involved in planting life goals is the media. Media also are taught how to run a life of crime to achieve that goal (Yvonne Jewkes, Media and Crime, 2005).
Television repeatedly gives examples of how to menerabas law can be used to achieve the purpose of life is considered a success. Although it is considered a crime, which means the violation of the law and norms, it is still imitated certain individuals. Because, they think there is no other better way than to act as a criminal. That's where the television instill evil behavior and conduct learning community. Those who do it usually impersonation of marginal groups who do not have access to achieve a good purpose in life is also due to the corrupt-seated dipemerintahan corruptor.
Traditionally, industries that rely on television crime is street crime cases involving the periphery. Was not easy to provoke a sensation of street crime because it involves physical violence bloody? Fit with the dogma of crime in the television industry, which reads: If it bleeds, it leads. The more bloody the more lively because of anomie-stricken society like Indonesia so bloodthirsty as ancient Roman times.
This is evident from the mutilations are performed Sri Rumiyati (48). Women who familiarly called Yati was admitted imitating the way Very Idam Henyansyah (Ryan) in killing one of his victims. Yati cut the corpse of her husband, Hendra, in order to eliminate traces.
Compass in record R & D, from January to November 2008 saw 13 incidents of mutilation murders in Indonesia. The highest figure for annual periods since the case of mutilation appeared in 1967. In 2007, seven events occurred mutilation (Kompas, 11/10/2008). Does high mutilation cases are due to incessant television show cases that imitated other community members? More horrible again, crime has become a spectacle which presented the television industry?
Not easy to conclude, television news crime presented a direct effect for the audience. There are three perspectives that can be put forward. First, the media is deemed to have full power to dictate the behavior of audiences. In this case, is considered a passive audience that simply responding to stimuli that digelontorkan media. Situation society full of alienation, isolation, depression, high unemployment and a fertile ground for the media in the drive in crime messages.
Second, the media is considered very weak to influence the audience. In this case, the audience can be active to negotiate or reject the messages presented in media crime. Intellectual power, economic level, or age is a determinant factor that can not be ruled out.
Third, the media have a limited impact for the audience. This can happen because the media is seen as one factor, in addition to other factors, such as psychological maturity, social contexts that surround individuals, and the selectivity of an audience of media loading so the media can influence the level of ideas, attitudes, or behaviors.
The phenomenon that should not be taken lightly is the television is too permissive to display crime cases. Scene reconstruction that is routinely displayed television has become a daily spectacle. Industrialization crime becomes increasingly widespread rolling television. Crime packed massively and repeatedly in the family room. The main reason that a pretext is the spectacle of evil cliche very interested audience. Audience's desire to be a justification that should not be denied. Rating, sharing, or commercial calculation resulted in criminality easily consumed.
Market mystification
When the managers of the high stall television crime news is displayed because of consumer demand, then there market mystification. That is, the market is considered as the driving force that can not be denied. In fact, the market is supply and demand mechanism. Market tastes can be created and directed. Market spectacle took place as naturally, when what actually took place in the market likely to be engineered.
Markets encourage crime news journalism simply serve the interests of capital and profits doubling. This fact took place consistent because, as stated by John H. McManus (Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware?, 1994), the market has six characteristics, namely (1) the quality and value is determined consumers rather than producers or the government, (2) responsive to consumers, (3) self-correction because the market is flexible, (4) constant motivation of market participants to compete, (5) relies on efficiency, and (6) the consumer is free to make choices.
However, the value that is often overlooked is the morality market. Television market never menggubris whether crime news shows bad for the audience. The main doctrine of the market is all spectacle sold to consumers. Are consumers into bad behavior because it mimics the scene sadism that aired, the show producers did not care. In fact, manufacturers tend to blame the audience can not be deemed to be critical of crime news. That is what the business called externalities, ie, destruction and social immorality that occur are considered outside the responsibility of the media. Television is never wrong because consumers themselves are considered to know the risks.
Anomie-stricken
Industrialization crime potentially run television and the real is able to create an inspiration for subsequent criminal acts. This is easily triggered when people hit by anomie, ie the situation without norms. In the situation of anomie, community and social order declined, replaced by a sense of alienation and confusion. In situations anomie, there excessive emphasis on life goals, but new ways of reaching that goal can not provided sufficient due to the virtues which are all relative as corruptor honored and respected. One of the key forces involved in planting life goals is the media. Media also are taught how to run a life of crime to achieve that goal (Yvonne Jewkes, Media and Crime, 2005).
Television repeatedly gives examples of how to menerabas law can be used to achieve the purpose of life is considered a success. Although it is considered a crime, which means the violation of the law and norms, it is still imitated certain individuals. Because, they think there is no other better way than to act as a criminal. That's where the television instill evil behavior and conduct learning community. Those who do it usually impersonation of marginal groups who do not have access to achieve a good purpose in life is also due to the corrupt-seated dipemerintahan corruptor.
Traditionally, industries that rely on television crime is street crime cases involving the periphery. Was not easy to provoke a sensation of street crime because it involves physical violence bloody? Fit with the dogma of crime in the television industry, which reads: If it bleeds, it leads. The more bloody the more lively because of anomie-stricken society like Indonesia so bloodthirsty as ancient Roman times.
family story
the elapsed time
uyuy was already big guns,,, already feel the time for give us something more to the same mama papa uyuy
but what power,,,, this hand can only serve as a parent than they like their ngurusin ngurusin uyuy as a child because uyuy aware,,, uyuy was in college,,, still need encouragement and support them
maybe not now, but pray uyuy next year could've ngurusin uyuy our family ma,,, da uyuy feel guilty too ... uyuy child ngerepotin at first but a lot you guys,,, because the affairs of the isyaallah wrong college next year
and uyuy consider this as a big motivation for uyuy make progress and can give us the best in life for you uyuy
all of which uyuy run now,,,, college and trying to make a pass on time,,, God willing also uyuy hadiahin for you,,, for you are always there in life uyuy
anyway related to family problems,,, uyuy want to tell you one thing about Nene
In this way,,, Nene often uyuy call "mother pilgrimage",,, now back pain mah hero ...
indeed often does the pain already,,, and already consider ordinary uyuy klo mother went to look in more pain Kopo
but others with this problem,,,
maternal illness guns already virtually normal pain
although the sport still look healthy,,, guns bad as first time
but say that's what makes it loh ngelanturnya uyuy worried
"Ega,, the mother wanted to go home ... but guns going to bandung again" he said more time talking to daughter
"Neng,,, its doakeun ema,,, Eneng tea jembar sing." he said again when want to go home to Panjalu,,,, spontaneous cries echoing in the house auntie uyuy
even though she's already forgotten most of the same name,,, but immediately remember disebutin kalo udah,,, and most make uyuy moved him still remember the name uyuy
"Saha bu of this?" Asked while pointing uyuy uyuy own.
"Ma uneng atuuu of this." He said, holding hands uyuy
the withered hand,,,, but even more bright like greeting old days if people are willing to die characteristics of his face looks much brighter ...
ashtagfirulllah,,, hopefully just a bad feeling ajah
but this feeling comes not from uyuy aja
all uyuy cousin, mama, papa, and those closely connected together to think the same mother
uyuy increasingly agitated because remember one thing,,,, the only grandchild who frequently pray rapid success and hopefully can graduate college ... just uyuy ajah yaaahhh how guns uyuy aja,,,, people who lecture only uyuy,,, 2 uyuy cousin the same age already waktuya marriage (So pray let them get cepet mate),,, sometimes uyuy like ngiri,, why are they in pray cepet get a mate, but instead of pray cepet uyuy success,,, do you want to also pray cepet to mate (Wkwkwkwk,,, intermezoo)
one thing new uyuy heard from mama uyuy
"... Ci aa neng TEU tea slang ahh" said the mother told my mama that again talking uyuy papa ci
"Emang kunaon kitu?" Asked mama
"Her, rowdy son geulis Naha dipiwarang sakola dipiwarang Wae ma ... shelf of wedlock"
"???" uyuy mama instead diem
of the story uyuy bener2 sad,,, yah thoughts wealthy mother said so when he guns could be ngurusin himself,,,
Another thing that uyuy remember,,,, now like to talk to his own mother
uyuy former clay-rich people so in jalan2
but now uyuy own mother's talking tough himself when he was very old
yes Wed,,, no wonder your boyfriend does not want to be ever pray long life because they do not want to experience a period of senile because of advanced age
Yes Wed when where is still given a long life,,, please help heal
and when it was time to get back to you
please do not let difficulties ... make it easy is the journey of his life to see you
uyuy was already big guns,,, already feel the time for give us something more to the same mama papa uyuy
but what power,,,, this hand can only serve as a parent than they like their ngurusin ngurusin uyuy as a child because uyuy aware,,, uyuy was in college,,, still need encouragement and support them
maybe not now, but pray uyuy next year could've ngurusin uyuy our family ma,,, da uyuy feel guilty too ... uyuy child ngerepotin at first but a lot you guys,,, because the affairs of the isyaallah wrong college next year
and uyuy consider this as a big motivation for uyuy make progress and can give us the best in life for you uyuy
all of which uyuy run now,,,, college and trying to make a pass on time,,, God willing also uyuy hadiahin for you,,, for you are always there in life uyuy
anyway related to family problems,,, uyuy want to tell you one thing about Nene
In this way,,, Nene often uyuy call "mother pilgrimage",,, now back pain mah hero ...
indeed often does the pain already,,, and already consider ordinary uyuy klo mother went to look in more pain Kopo
but others with this problem,,,
maternal illness guns already virtually normal pain
although the sport still look healthy,,, guns bad as first time
but say that's what makes it loh ngelanturnya uyuy worried
"Ega,, the mother wanted to go home ... but guns going to bandung again" he said more time talking to daughter
"Neng,,, its doakeun ema,,, Eneng tea jembar sing." he said again when want to go home to Panjalu,,,, spontaneous cries echoing in the house auntie uyuy
even though she's already forgotten most of the same name,,, but immediately remember disebutin kalo udah,,, and most make uyuy moved him still remember the name uyuy
"Saha bu of this?" Asked while pointing uyuy uyuy own.
"Ma uneng atuuu of this." He said, holding hands uyuy
the withered hand,,,, but even more bright like greeting old days if people are willing to die characteristics of his face looks much brighter ...
ashtagfirulllah,,, hopefully just a bad feeling ajah
but this feeling comes not from uyuy aja
all uyuy cousin, mama, papa, and those closely connected together to think the same mother
uyuy increasingly agitated because remember one thing,,,, the only grandchild who frequently pray rapid success and hopefully can graduate college ... just uyuy ajah yaaahhh how guns uyuy aja,,,, people who lecture only uyuy,,, 2 uyuy cousin the same age already waktuya marriage (So pray let them get cepet mate),,, sometimes uyuy like ngiri,, why are they in pray cepet get a mate, but instead of pray cepet uyuy success,,, do you want to also pray cepet to mate (Wkwkwkwk,,, intermezoo)
one thing new uyuy heard from mama uyuy
"... Ci aa neng TEU tea slang ahh" said the mother told my mama that again talking uyuy papa ci
"Emang kunaon kitu?" Asked mama
"Her, rowdy son geulis Naha dipiwarang sakola dipiwarang Wae ma ... shelf of wedlock"
"???" uyuy mama instead diem
of the story uyuy bener2 sad,,, yah thoughts wealthy mother said so when he guns could be ngurusin himself,,,
Another thing that uyuy remember,,,, now like to talk to his own mother
uyuy former clay-rich people so in jalan2
but now uyuy own mother's talking tough himself when he was very old
yes Wed,,, no wonder your boyfriend does not want to be ever pray long life because they do not want to experience a period of senile because of advanced age
Yes Wed when where is still given a long life,,, please help heal
and when it was time to get back to you
please do not let difficulties ... make it easy is the journey of his life to see you
love story
Someone called me when I arrived at the school gates. "Nay ..." shouted Nisa, I looked back. I then approached him, when she reached in front of her Nisa led me into the back of the school I was really shocked. He mengodok her red skirt pocket and pulled out a folded paper in a little, he gave it to me, I then opened it.
"Nay ... I love you, you want to be a girlfriend I? ... "That's written in my letter read. I initially did not think it turns out that from the first guy I like now to say that the first thing I'm waiting, but unfortunately I feel it is blank, no nothing for a long time the mass also had to remove this feeling. I roll up and roll the letter and threw it, a moment later I took another. It was what I felt was not frivolous, all mixed into one. I was nervous when the bell rang to go to class because my class is Raga, I was nervous, knowing little boy ...
The letter was given Raga December 22, 2004 I was 11 years old at the time. I wanted to laugh when I have to look back prihal problem that my crush think four years ago.
"Let is Nay ... do not be nervous, so ... "whispered Nisa, I entered the classroom and sat next to Nisa, my face reddened lips bergemetar, want to talk very stiff. Sports also looked so, she looked embarrassed when I was there in front of him. I tried to bury the flavor gugupku so I looked a little girl who used to hear the love, huh ... That's when the first new word I love to hear.
"How well he always avoided if I was there in front of him?"
"Probably because she was embarrassed, Nay ... "She replied with a nimble
"Ashamed of what? ... "I'm still curious true
"Afraid of the decline may be ... ! oh yah, btw, he was going to thank you? "
"Yah ... is not ... ! I was a kid ... "
"Nay my dear ... he was already wise, good, innocent, cute anymore. Not that that's what you harepin than before? "
"Yeah hell .... but ... not ah, anyways I'm not too familiar same Raga. Going borring if we invented "
"Pedekate dong ... his relationship masses approach so fine aja ... "
"Ah, the old quasi-loh ... There emangnya itself already has a girlfriend? "I shy away from Nisa, scared us about Raga pembicaraann lengthwise.
One day, the attitude of Raga me become outrageous. Little by little he began to dare to hold my hand, I became less comfortable with his behavior. At that Aina and Dira forced me to enter the classroom because inside there is Raga'm waiting for my answer. I was really shocked when I saw in class there's only Aina, Dira, and Raga. I became afraid ... I was forced inside to talk privately with Raga, Raga holding my hand tightly to my hand milking arm for being too loud. At that time I was very annoyed at all my friends who are involved event, eventually I ran away from school.
Finally, the afternoon I played with my little sister Annie to the house - Ayu - a letter of rejection love to Raga. Because I'm still annoyed at Nisa finally I told Annie to go to home Nisa, Nisa's house not far from home Ani. A few moments later Nisa came over to me.
"Nay, I'm sorry yah ... I do not intend to ... "
"Ah ... I hate you ... aja Pantes you told me to class it turns out there is Raga "I cut the conversation Nisa
"Yah ... Nay ... I maafin yah ... I promise not gonna ulangin deh again "
"Okay I maafin, but there is one condition, this love letter to the Goods if the delay now because tomorrow he will nyosorin me again ..."
"Yes, I'll love ..." I then go home as well Nisa
"Ga ... !! "Shouted Nisa
"What is it?" He asked
"Nih letter from Naya ..." Sports is very excited to accept
"In decline? ... yah ... I failed my first love deh ... This all thanks loh, if aja loh this afternoon he did not force the incoming class would he not gonna reject me ... "
"PD gede loh ... ! anyways tell everyone holding hands, ganjen hell loh ... !! "
"Oh, how I'm dong now history ... my heart broken ... "
"Tuh eat broken heart ..." and then go home Nisa
Raga looked sad when he received a letter from me, he said "if first love is denied, it felt more and more difficult to forget" were the words that have a point, it is true hell ... now had four years still love the intricacies of the story that I still remember correctly.
* * *
A few months later I graduated from elementary school I went to junior Harafan Sports Nation Jakarta was the entrance to the same school, I'm happy happy annoyed ... ! When in one of my friends asked about his feelings to me, turns out he was still meyukaiku, Alhamdulillah ... ! Passed orientation we begin to learn, it turns out there know who shot a man named Nola Sports him his beautiful, white skin and ah deh standard anyway ... Goods worth it if liked it. In addition to her beauty she was also smart charming guy. I did lose him but I started to realize that Sports Direct will not like Nola because his heart was still fixed on me.
I became hated Goods when they find out she likes again Hesa. Hesa .... his son pretty well, Nola and I beat her beauty, her skin white but childish, talkative ... !
When it Raga sitting with Nola and Hesa, Raga in order to write the word I love you in his hand. And do not know why Hesa screaming my name "Naya ... Raga write I love you for you ... "he shouted as he showed me his left hand Raga. I just smiled just to hear it, it turns into small Raga mengutik heart smart.
Hesa came over who was sitting in the front with Ana. "Nay, Raga write I love you Naya ... in his left hand "Hesa thread, I still express a smile while looking at Raga is a bit shy. Hour break we - I and Goods - sitting in front of the class, Raga is in front of me. I'm curious to see it but the handwriting was already there, it turns out Raga remove it with saliva when I started out.
"It turns out though already shot another girl, the name I always wonder, she, thank God ..." I whispered to myself. I never stopped thinking of Goods, as if the shadow is always there in my brain.
* * *
Wednesday night, Raga come to my house by wearing a red shirt made from t-shirts. He told me to toward him, then I walked over and sat beside him. He said there are things he wants to talk about, he was to my house with Galuh, best friends.
"Nay ... Raga said you would not be his girlfriend? "
"Um ... how yah ... duh ... how yah .... !! "I was nervous, very nervous
"She said she love you ... he asked for the answer now "
"Why it felt that way even Galuh yah ..." I whispered when bent
"Naya ..." thread Galuh waving his hand to the front
"Um ... gini ... soon my final exam, I ... I ... still do not want to Ga ... you understand the words I'm a very different logatku ...???"
"On the decline again Ga ..." whispered Galuh
"Yuk ...!!" take home a terliat disappointed Goods
"Ga ... I maafin yah ... "Said I said before Raga home
The word love is the second time, and it is also the second time I refused his love, in fact I love her very even but since I was tiny I would decide to not going out first. I'm sorry to see the disappointment in feeling Raga. I understand how he felt after being rejected twice, shame it was not bigger but to shoot again kegengsian level continues to expand. Excuse me Raga ...
Since I reject the second time it Raga, Raga be a strange attitude to me, which was already familiar now actually looked embarrassed, I do the same. Finally I decided to invite Sports talk privately, so this issue quickly completed, and the awkwardness of Goods to be intimate again with my loss.
In front of a wide-open window I talk privately with Raga, Raga looked embarrassed, as if silence bicaraannya empty. Because I finally took her as a person who I could bring myself to say hello first. I was nervous when Raga began there in front of me, my lips bergemetar either have the words of what I started.
"How's it going? ... "I say
"Good" the short answer is progressively increased my shame
"You still mad at me?"
"Not" he repeated again I can only sigh deeply held emotions that would come out
"Tuh do ... you are still angry ... ! was let friends ... ! not because it is denied love you so changed ... ! we still remain friends'
"Well honestly ... I'm actually embarrassed to you because I've twice nyakitin you but for the sake of our friendship developed I finally beraniin tetep myself to talking to you. Ga ... I haraf us like they used to be well ... "I continued
"Okay ... ! we are friends ... "utasnya, I'm relieved ...
Since that day we became normal again as before, feeling awkward we were still thick, but we rinse it all with our jokes with each other. I'm happy finally my first love like they used to be, oops ... ! I still love him (since then) still want to always be on notice.
Over time, several months later finally feeling of love was gone, apparently the time was able to remove the flavor that is in the heart. Sign in Class 2 Junior I found another new love, who to this day I still feel. First Love season 2 was not as beautiful as the season 1 because of the love that is different from another love.
"Nay ... I love you, you want to be a girlfriend I? ... "That's written in my letter read. I initially did not think it turns out that from the first guy I like now to say that the first thing I'm waiting, but unfortunately I feel it is blank, no nothing for a long time the mass also had to remove this feeling. I roll up and roll the letter and threw it, a moment later I took another. It was what I felt was not frivolous, all mixed into one. I was nervous when the bell rang to go to class because my class is Raga, I was nervous, knowing little boy ...
The letter was given Raga December 22, 2004 I was 11 years old at the time. I wanted to laugh when I have to look back prihal problem that my crush think four years ago.
"Let is Nay ... do not be nervous, so ... "whispered Nisa, I entered the classroom and sat next to Nisa, my face reddened lips bergemetar, want to talk very stiff. Sports also looked so, she looked embarrassed when I was there in front of him. I tried to bury the flavor gugupku so I looked a little girl who used to hear the love, huh ... That's when the first new word I love to hear.
"How well he always avoided if I was there in front of him?"
"Probably because she was embarrassed, Nay ... "She replied with a nimble
"Ashamed of what? ... "I'm still curious true
"Afraid of the decline may be ... ! oh yah, btw, he was going to thank you? "
"Yah ... is not ... ! I was a kid ... "
"Nay my dear ... he was already wise, good, innocent, cute anymore. Not that that's what you harepin than before? "
"Yeah hell .... but ... not ah, anyways I'm not too familiar same Raga. Going borring if we invented "
"Pedekate dong ... his relationship masses approach so fine aja ... "
"Ah, the old quasi-loh ... There emangnya itself already has a girlfriend? "I shy away from Nisa, scared us about Raga pembicaraann lengthwise.
One day, the attitude of Raga me become outrageous. Little by little he began to dare to hold my hand, I became less comfortable with his behavior. At that Aina and Dira forced me to enter the classroom because inside there is Raga'm waiting for my answer. I was really shocked when I saw in class there's only Aina, Dira, and Raga. I became afraid ... I was forced inside to talk privately with Raga, Raga holding my hand tightly to my hand milking arm for being too loud. At that time I was very annoyed at all my friends who are involved event, eventually I ran away from school.
Finally, the afternoon I played with my little sister Annie to the house - Ayu - a letter of rejection love to Raga. Because I'm still annoyed at Nisa finally I told Annie to go to home Nisa, Nisa's house not far from home Ani. A few moments later Nisa came over to me.
"Nay, I'm sorry yah ... I do not intend to ... "
"Ah ... I hate you ... aja Pantes you told me to class it turns out there is Raga "I cut the conversation Nisa
"Yah ... Nay ... I maafin yah ... I promise not gonna ulangin deh again "
"Okay I maafin, but there is one condition, this love letter to the Goods if the delay now because tomorrow he will nyosorin me again ..."
"Yes, I'll love ..." I then go home as well Nisa
"Ga ... !! "Shouted Nisa
"What is it?" He asked
"Nih letter from Naya ..." Sports is very excited to accept
"In decline? ... yah ... I failed my first love deh ... This all thanks loh, if aja loh this afternoon he did not force the incoming class would he not gonna reject me ... "
"PD gede loh ... ! anyways tell everyone holding hands, ganjen hell loh ... !! "
"Oh, how I'm dong now history ... my heart broken ... "
"Tuh eat broken heart ..." and then go home Nisa
Raga looked sad when he received a letter from me, he said "if first love is denied, it felt more and more difficult to forget" were the words that have a point, it is true hell ... now had four years still love the intricacies of the story that I still remember correctly.
* * *
A few months later I graduated from elementary school I went to junior Harafan Sports Nation Jakarta was the entrance to the same school, I'm happy happy annoyed ... ! When in one of my friends asked about his feelings to me, turns out he was still meyukaiku, Alhamdulillah ... ! Passed orientation we begin to learn, it turns out there know who shot a man named Nola Sports him his beautiful, white skin and ah deh standard anyway ... Goods worth it if liked it. In addition to her beauty she was also smart charming guy. I did lose him but I started to realize that Sports Direct will not like Nola because his heart was still fixed on me.
I became hated Goods when they find out she likes again Hesa. Hesa .... his son pretty well, Nola and I beat her beauty, her skin white but childish, talkative ... !
When it Raga sitting with Nola and Hesa, Raga in order to write the word I love you in his hand. And do not know why Hesa screaming my name "Naya ... Raga write I love you for you ... "he shouted as he showed me his left hand Raga. I just smiled just to hear it, it turns into small Raga mengutik heart smart.
Hesa came over who was sitting in the front with Ana. "Nay, Raga write I love you Naya ... in his left hand "Hesa thread, I still express a smile while looking at Raga is a bit shy. Hour break we - I and Goods - sitting in front of the class, Raga is in front of me. I'm curious to see it but the handwriting was already there, it turns out Raga remove it with saliva when I started out.
"It turns out though already shot another girl, the name I always wonder, she, thank God ..." I whispered to myself. I never stopped thinking of Goods, as if the shadow is always there in my brain.
* * *
Wednesday night, Raga come to my house by wearing a red shirt made from t-shirts. He told me to toward him, then I walked over and sat beside him. He said there are things he wants to talk about, he was to my house with Galuh, best friends.
"Nay ... Raga said you would not be his girlfriend? "
"Um ... how yah ... duh ... how yah .... !! "I was nervous, very nervous
"She said she love you ... he asked for the answer now "
"Why it felt that way even Galuh yah ..." I whispered when bent
"Naya ..." thread Galuh waving his hand to the front
"Um ... gini ... soon my final exam, I ... I ... still do not want to Ga ... you understand the words I'm a very different logatku ...???"
"On the decline again Ga ..." whispered Galuh
"Yuk ...!!" take home a terliat disappointed Goods
"Ga ... I maafin yah ... "Said I said before Raga home
The word love is the second time, and it is also the second time I refused his love, in fact I love her very even but since I was tiny I would decide to not going out first. I'm sorry to see the disappointment in feeling Raga. I understand how he felt after being rejected twice, shame it was not bigger but to shoot again kegengsian level continues to expand. Excuse me Raga ...
Since I reject the second time it Raga, Raga be a strange attitude to me, which was already familiar now actually looked embarrassed, I do the same. Finally I decided to invite Sports talk privately, so this issue quickly completed, and the awkwardness of Goods to be intimate again with my loss.
In front of a wide-open window I talk privately with Raga, Raga looked embarrassed, as if silence bicaraannya empty. Because I finally took her as a person who I could bring myself to say hello first. I was nervous when Raga began there in front of me, my lips bergemetar either have the words of what I started.
"How's it going? ... "I say
"Good" the short answer is progressively increased my shame
"You still mad at me?"
"Not" he repeated again I can only sigh deeply held emotions that would come out
"Tuh do ... you are still angry ... ! was let friends ... ! not because it is denied love you so changed ... ! we still remain friends'
"Well honestly ... I'm actually embarrassed to you because I've twice nyakitin you but for the sake of our friendship developed I finally beraniin tetep myself to talking to you. Ga ... I haraf us like they used to be well ... "I continued
"Okay ... ! we are friends ... "utasnya, I'm relieved ...
Since that day we became normal again as before, feeling awkward we were still thick, but we rinse it all with our jokes with each other. I'm happy finally my first love like they used to be, oops ... ! I still love him (since then) still want to always be on notice.
Over time, several months later finally feeling of love was gone, apparently the time was able to remove the flavor that is in the heart. Sign in Class 2 Junior I found another new love, who to this day I still feel. First Love season 2 was not as beautiful as the season 1 because of the love that is different from another love.
Kamis, 31 Maret 2011
jawaban
Answered :
1. Bob said to me that Marry was crying on his shoulder at the moment.
2. Tom said to me that he did not want to eat that food.
3. Mary said to me that she had called her friend the before day.
4. Bill said to me that the children were planning to go to this museum then.
5. Tom said to me that he had not called Mary since the before day.
6. Joe said to me, “i have been sitting here next to your house since two hours before’’.
7. John said to me, “I written all of their stories in my new book’’.
8. Jane said to me, “I create my new painting in your room’’.
9. Tom said to me, “I spend my time in that room’’.
10. Bob said to me, “Anne do not put the dictionary on this table’’.
1. Bob said to me that Marry was crying on his shoulder at the moment.
2. Tom said to me that he did not want to eat that food.
3. Mary said to me that she had called her friend the before day.
4. Bill said to me that the children were planning to go to this museum then.
5. Tom said to me that he had not called Mary since the before day.
6. Joe said to me, “i have been sitting here next to your house since two hours before’’.
7. John said to me, “I written all of their stories in my new book’’.
8. Jane said to me, “I create my new painting in your room’’.
9. Tom said to me, “I spend my time in that room’’.
10. Bob said to me, “Anne do not put the dictionary on this table’’.
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